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• HTML Version of the book
  • Preface
  • Part 1: mod_perl Administration
  • Part 2: mod_perl Performance
  • Part 3: Databases and mod_perl
  • Part 4: Debugging and Troubleshooting
  • Part 5: mod_perl 2.0
  • Part 6: Appendixes
  • 0.1. What You Need to Know
  • 0.2. Who This Book Is For
  • 0.3. How This Book Is Organized
  • 0.4. Reference Sections
  • 0.5. Filesystem Conventions
  • 0.6. Apache and Perl Versions
  • 0.7. Typographic Conventions
  • 0.8. Command Interpreter Program (Shell) Conventions
  • 0.9. Installing Perl Modules
  • 9.1. Manual Installation
  • 9.2. Prerequisites Needed to Install Perl Modules on Windows
  • 9.3. Building a Perl Module
  • 9.4. Using the CPAN Shell
  • 9.5. Using the Perl Package Manager
  • 0.10. How to Contact Us
  • 0.11. Acknowledgments
  • Chapter 1. Introducing CGI and mod_perl
  • 1.1. A Brief History of CGI
  • 1.1.1. The HTTP Protocol
  • 1.1.2. The Common Gateway Interface Specification
  • 1.1.3. Apache CGI Handling with mod_cgi
  • 1.2. The Apache 1.3 Server Model
  • 1.2.1. Forking
  • 1.2.2. CGI Scripts Under the Forking Model
  • 1.2.3. Performance Drawbacks of Forking
  • 1.3. The Development of mod_perl 1.0
  • 1.3.1. Running CGI Scripts with mod_perl
  • 1.4. Apache 1.3 Request Processing Phases
  • 1.4.1. Apache 1.3 Modules and the mod_perl 1.0 API
  • 1.4.2. mod_perl 1.0 and the mod_perl API
  • 1.5. References
  • Chapter 2. Getting Started Fast
  • 2.1. Installing mod_perl 1.0 in Three Steps
  • 2.2. Installing mod_perl on Unix Platforms
  • 2.2.1. Obtaining and Unpacking the Source Code
  • 2.2.2. Building mod_perl
  • 2.2.3. Installing mod_perl
  • 2.3. Configuring and Starting the mod_perl Server
  • 2.4. Installing mod_perl for Windows
  • 2.4.1. Installing mod_perl with the Perl Package Manager
  • 2.5. Preparing the Scripts Directory
  • 2.6. A Sample Apache::Registry Script
  • 2.6.1. Porting Existing CGI Scripts to mod_perl
  • 2.7. A Simple mod_perl Content Handler
  • 2.8. Is This All We Need to Know About mod_perl?
  • 2.9. References
  • Chapter 3. Installing mod_perl
  • 3.1. Configuring the Source
  • 3.1.1. Controlling the Build Process
  • 3.1.2. Activating Callback Hooks
  • 3.1.3. Activating Standard API Features
  • 3.1.4. Enabling Extra Features
  • 3.1.5. Reusing Configuration Parameters
  • 3.1.6. Discovering Whether a Feature Was Enabled
  • 3.1.7. Using an Alternative Configuration File
  • 3.1.8. perl Makefile.PL Troubleshooting
  • 3.1.8.1. A test compilation with your Makefile configuration failed...
  • 3.1.8.2. Missing or misconfigured libgdbm.so
  • 3.1.8.3. Undefined reference to `PL_perl_destruct_level'
  • 3.2. Building mod_perl (make)
  • 3.2.1. What Compiler Should Be Used to Build mod_perl?
  • 3.2.2. make Troubleshooting
  • 3.2.2.1. Undefined reference to `Perl_newAV'
  • 3.2.2.2. Unrecognized format specifier for...
  • 3.3. Testing the Server (make test)
  • 3.3.1. Manual Testing
  • 3.3.2. make test Troubleshooting
  • 3.3.2.1. make test fails
  • 3.3.2.2. mod_perl.c is incompatible with this version of Apache
  • 3.3.2.3. make test......skipping test on this platform
  • 3.3.2.4. make test fails due to misconfigured localhost entry
  • 3.4. Installation (make install)
  • 3.4.1. Manually Building a mod_perl-Enabled Apache
  • 3.5. Installation Scenarios for Standalone mod_perl
  • 3.5.1. The All-in-One Way
  • 3.5.2. Building mod_perl and Apache Separately
  • 3.5.3. When DSOs Can Be Used
  • 3.5.4. Building mod_perl as a DSO via APACI
  • 3.5.5. Building mod_perl as a DSO via APXS
  • 3.6. Building mod_perl with Other Components
  • 3.6.1. Installing mod_perl with PHP
  • 3.6.2. Installing mod_perl with mod_ssl (+openssl)
  • 3.6.3. Installing mod_perl with Apache-SSL (+openssl)
  • 3.6.4. Installing mod_perl with Stronghold
  • 3.7. Installing mod_perl with the CPAN.pm Interactive Shell
  • 3.8. Installing mod_perl on Multiple Machines
  • 3.9. Installation into a Nonstandard Directory
  • 3.9.1. Installing Perl Modules into a Nonstandard Directory
  • 3.9.2. Finding Modules Installed in Nonstandard Directories
  • 3.9.2.1. Modifying @INC
  • 3.9.2.2. Using the PERL5LIB environment variable
  • 3.9.3. Using the CPAN.pm Shell with Nonstandard Installation Directories
  • 3.9.4. Making a Local Apache Installation
  • 3.9.5. Nonstandard mod_perl-Enabled Apache Installation
  • 3.9.6. Nonstandard mod_perl-Enabled Apache Installation with CPAN.pm
  • 3.10. How Can I Tell if mod_perl Is Running?
  • 3.10.1. Checking the error_log File
  • 3.10.2. Testing by Viewing /perl-status
  • 3.10.3. Testing via Telnet
  • 3.10.4. Testing via a CGI Script
  • 3.10.5. Testing via lwp-request
  • 3.11. General Notes
  • 3.11.1. How Do I Make the Installation More Secure?
  • 3.11.2. Can I Run mod_perl-Enabled Apache as suExec?
  • 3.11.3. Should I Rebuild mod_perl if I Have Upgraded Perl?
  • 3.11.4. mod_auth_dbm Nuances
  • 3.12. References
  • Chapter 4. mod_perl Configuration
  • 4.1. Apache Configuration
  • 4.1.1. Configuration Files
  • 4.1.2. Configuration Directives
  • 4.1.3. <Directory>, <Location>, and <Files> Sections
  • 4.1.3.1. <Directory directoryPath> ... </Directory>
  • 4.1.3.2. <Files filename > ... </Files>
  • 4.1.3.3. <Location URI> ... </Location>
  • 4.1.4. Merging <Directory>, <Location>, and <Files> Sections
  • 4.1.5. Subgrouping of <Directory>, <Location>, and <Files> Sections
  • 4.1.6. Options Directive Merging
  • 4.1.7. MinSpareServers, MaxSpareServers, StartServers, MaxClients, and MaxRequestsPerChild
  • 4.2. mod_perl Configuration
  • 4.2.1. Alias Configurations
  • 4.2.1.1. Running scripts located in the same directory under different handlers
  • 4.2.2. <Location /perl> Sections
  • 4.2.3. PerlModule and PerlRequire
  • 4.2.4. PerlHandlers
  • 4.2.5. The handler( ) Subroutine
  • 4.2.6. Investigating the Request Phases
  • 4.2.7. Stacked Handlers
  • 4.2.8. Perl Method Handlers
  • 4.2.9. PerlFreshRestart
  • 4.2.10. PerlSetEnv and PerlPassEnv
  • 4.2.11. PerlSetVar and PerlAddVar
  • 4.2.12. PerlSetupEnv
  • 4.2.13. PerlWarn and PerlTaintCheck
  • 4.3. The Startup File
  • 4.3.1. A Sample Startup File
  • 4.3.2. Syntax Validation
  • 4.3.3. What Modules Should Be Added to the Startup File
  • 4.3.4. The Confusion with use( ) in the Server Startup File
  • 4.4. Apache Configuration in Perl
  • 4.4.1. Constructing <Perl> Sections
  • 4.4.2. Breaking Out of <Perl> Sections
  • 4.4.3. Cheating with Apache->httpd_conf
  • 4.4.4. Declaring Package Names in Perl Sections
  • 4.4.5. Verifying <Perl> Sections
  • 4.4.6. Saving the Perl Configuration
  • 4.4.7. Debugging
  • 4.5. Validating the Configuration Syntax
  • 4.6. The Scope of mod_perl Configuration Directives
  • 4.7. Apache Restarts Twice
  • 4.8. Enabling Remote Server Configuration Reports
  • 4.9. Tips and Tricks
  • 4.9.1. Publishing Port Numbers Other Than 80
  • 4.9.2. Running the Same Script from Different Virtual Hosts
  • 4.10. Configuration Security Concerns
  • 4.10.1. Using Only Absolutely Necessary Components
  • 4.10.2. Taint Checking
  • 4.10.3. Hiding Server Information
  • 4.10.4. Making the mod_perl Server Inaccessible from the Outside
  • 4.10.5. Protecting Private Status Locations
  • 4.11. General Pitfalls
  • 4.12. References
  • Chapter 5. Web Server Control, Monitoring, Upgrade, and Maintenance
  • 5.1. Starting the Server in Multi-Process Mode
  • 5.2. Starting the Server in Single-Process Mode
  • 5.3. Using kill to Control Processes
  • 5.3.1. kill Signals for Stopping and Restarting Apache
  • 5.3.2. Speeding Up Apache's Termination and Restart
  • 5.3.3. Finding the Right Apache PID
  • 5.4. Using apachectl to Control the Server
  • 5.5. Validating Server Configuration
  • 5.6. Setuid root Startup Scripts
  • 5.6.1. Introduction to setuid Executables
  • 5.6.2. Apache Startup Script's setuid Security
  • 5.6.3. Sample setuid Apache Startup Script
  • 5.7. Preparing for Machine Reboot
  • 5.8. Upgrading a Live Server
  • 5.8.1. Upgrading Intranet Servers
  • 5.8.2. Upgrading 24 × 7 Internet Servers
  • 5.8.2.1. The server cluster
  • 5.8.2.2. The single server
  • 5.8.2.2.1. Upgrading live server components by swapping machines
  • 5.8.2.2.2. Upgrading a live server with port forwarding
  • 5.8.2.2.3. Upgrading a live server with prepackaged components
  • 5.8.2.2.4. Upgrading a live server using symbolic links
  • 5.8.2.2.5. Upgrading Perl code
  • 5.8.2.2.6. Moving files and restarting the server
  • 5.8.2.2.7. Using CVS for code upgrades
  • 5.8.3. Disabling Scripts and Handlers on a Live Server
  • 5.8.3.1. Disabling code running under Apache::Registry
  • 5.8.3.2. Disabling code running under other handlers
  • 5.8.3.3. Disabling services with help from the frontend server
  • 5.8.4. Scheduled Routine Maintenance
  • 5.9. Three-Tier Server Scheme: Development, Staging, and Production
  • 5.9.1. Starting a Personal Server for Each Developer
  • 5.10. Web Server Monitoring
  • 5.10.1. Interactive Monitoring
  • 5.10.2. Apache::VMonitor—The Visual System and Apache Server Monitor
  • 5.10.2.1. Prerequisites and configuration
  • 5.10.2.2. Multi-processes and system overall status reporting mode
  • 5.10.2.3. Single-process extensive reporting system
  • 5.10.3. Automated Monitoring
  • 5.10.3.1. mod_perl server watchdogs
  • 5.11. Server Maintenance Chores
  • 5.11.1. Handling Log Files
  • 5.11.1.1. Scheduled log file rotation
  • 5.11.1.2. Non-scheduled emergency log rotation
  • 5.11.1.3. Centralized logging
  • 5.11.2. Swapping Prevention
  • 5.11.3. Limiting Resources Used by Apache Child Processes
  • 5.11.3.1. OS-specific notes
  • 5.11.4. Tracking and Terminating Hanging Processes
  • 5.11.5. Limiting the Number of Processes Serving the Same Resource
  • 5.11.6. Limiting the Request-Rate Speed (Robot Blocking)
  • 5.12. References
  • Chapter 6. Coding with mod_perl in Mind
  • 6.1. Before You Start to Code
  • 6.1.1. Accessing Documentation
  • 6.1.2. The strict Pragma
  • 6.1.3. Enabling Warnings
  • 6.2. Exposing Apache::Registry Secrets
  • 6.2.1. The First Mystery: Why Does the Script Go Beyond 5?
  • 6.2.2. The Second Mystery—Inconsistent Growth over Reloads
  • 6.3. Namespace Issues
  • 6.3.1. The @INC Array
  • 6.3.2. The %INC Hash
  • 6.3.3. Name Collisions with Modules and Libraries
  • 6.3.3.1. A first faulty scenario
  • 6.3.3.2. A second faulty scenario
  • 6.3.3.3. A quick but ineffective hackish solution
  • 6.3.3.4. A first solution
  • 6.3.3.5. A second solution
  • 6.3.3.6. A third solution
  • 6.4. Perl Specifics in the mod_perl Environment
  • 6.4.1. exit( )
  • 6.4.2. die( )
  • 6.4.3. Global Variable Persistence
  • 6.4.4. STDIN, STDOUT, and STDERR Streams
  • 6.4.5. Redirecting STDOUT into a Scalar Variable
  • 6.4.6. print( )
  • 6.4.7. Formats
  • 6.4.8. Output from System Calls
  • 6.4.9. BEGIN blocks
  • 6.4.10. END Blocks
  • 6.5. CHECK and INIT Blocks
  • 6.5.1. $^T and time( )
  • 6.5.2. Command-Line Switches
  • 6.5.2.1. Warnings
  • 6.5.2.2. Taint mode
  • 6.5.3. Compiled Regular Expressions
  • 6.5.3.1. Matching patterns repeatedly
  • 6.6. Apache::Registry Specifics
  • 6.6.1. __END__ and __DATA__ Tokens
  • 6.6.2. Symbolic Links
  • 6.6.3. Return Codes
  • 6.7. Transition from mod_cgi Scripts to Apache Handlers
  • 6.7.1. Starting with a mod_cgi-Compatible Script
  • 6.7.2. Converting into a Perl Content Handler
  • 6.7.3. Converting to use the mod_perl API and mod_perl-Specific Modules
  • 6.8. Loading and Reloading Modules
  • 6.8.1. The @INC Array Under mod_perl
  • 6.8.2. Reloading Modules and Required Files
  • 6.8.2.1. Restarting the server
  • 6.8.2.2. Using Apache::StatINC
  • 6.8.2.3. Using Apache::Reload
  • 6.8.2.4. Using dynamic configuration files
  • 6.8.2.4.1. Writing configuration files
  • 6.8.2.4.2. Reloading configuration files
  • 6.8.2.4.3. Dynamically updating configuration files
  • 6.9. Handling the "User Pressed Stop Button" Case
  • 6.9.1. Detecting Aborted Connections
  • 6.9.2. The Importance of Cleanup Code
  • 6.9.2.1. Critical section
  • 6.9.2.2. Safe resource locking and cleanup code
  • 6.10. Handling Server Timeout Cases and Working with $SIG{ALRM}
  • 6.11. Generating Correct HTTP Headers
  • 6.12. Method Handlers: The Browse and See, Browse and View Example
  • 6.13. References
  • Chapter 7. Identifying Your Performance Problems
  • 7.1. Looking at the Big Picture
  • 7.2. Asking the Right Questions
  • 7.3. References
  • Chapter 8. Choosing a Platform for the Best Performance
  • 8.1. Choosing the Right Operating System
  • 8.1.1. mod_perl Support for the Operating System
  • 8.1.2. Stability and Robustness
  • 8.1.3. Good Memory Management
  • 8.1.4. Avoiding Memory Leaks
  • 8.1.5. Memory-Sharing Capabilities
  • 8.1.6. The Real Cost of Support
  • 8.1.7. Discontinued Products
  • 8.1.8. Keeping Up with OS Releases
  • 8.2. Choosing the Right Hardware
  • 8.2.1. Machine Strength Demands According to Expected Site Traffic
  • 8.2.2. A Single Strong Machine Versus Many Weaker Machines
  • 8.2.3. Getting a Fast Internet Connection
  • 8.2.4. Tuning I/O Performance
  • 8.2.5. How Much Memory Is Enough?
  • 8.2.6. Getting a Fault-Tolerant CPU
  • 8.2.7. Detecting and Avoiding Bottlenecks
  • 8.2.8. Solving Hardware Requirement Conflicts
  • 8.3. References
  • Chapter 9. Essential Tools for Performance Tuning
  • 9.1. Server Benchmarking
  • 9.1.1. ApacheBench
  • 9.1.2. httperf
  • 9.1.3. http_load
  • 9.1.4. Other Web Server Benchmark Utilities
  • 9.2. Perl Code Benchmarking
  • 9.3. Process Memory Measurements
  • 9.4. Apache::Status and Measuring Code Memory Usage
  • 9.5. Code Profiling Techniques
  • 9.5.1. Profiling with Devel::DProf
  • 9.5.2. Profiling with Devel::SmallProf
  • 9.6. References
  • Chapter 10. Improving Performance with Shared Memory and Proper Forking
  • 10.1. Sharing Memory
  • 10.1.1. Calculating Real Memory Usage
  • 10.1.2. Memory-Sharing Validation
  • 10.1.2.1. Variable unsharing caused by regular expressions
  • 10.1.2.2. Numerical versus string access to variables
  • 10.1.3. Preloading Perl Modules at Server Startup
  • 10.1.4. Preloading Registry Scripts at Server Startup
  • 10.1.5. Module Initialization at Server Startup
  • 10.1.5.1. Initializing DBI.pm
  • 10.1.5.2. Initializing CGI.pm
  • 10.1.6. Memory Preallocation
  • 10.2. Forking and Executing Subprocessesfrom mod_perl
  • 10.2.1. Forking a New Process
  • 10.2.2. Freeing the Parent Process
  • 10.2.3. Detaching the Forked Process
  • 10.2.4. Avoiding Zombie Processes
  • 10.2.5. A Complete Fork Example
  • 10.2.6. Starting a Long-Running External Program
  • 10.2.7. Starting a Short-Running External Program
  • 10.2.8. Executing system( ) or exec( ) in the Right Way
  • 10.3. References
  • Chapter 11. Tuning Performance by Tweaking Apache's Configuration
  • 11.1. Setting the MaxClients Directive
  • 11.2. Setting the MaxRequestsPerChild Directive
  • 11.3. Setting MinSpareServers, MaxSpareServers, and StartServers
  • 11.4. KeepAlive
  • 11.5. PerlSetupEnv
  • 11.6. Reducing the Number of stat( ) Calls Made by Apache
  • 11.7. Symbolic Links Lookup
  • 11.8. Disabling DNS Resolution
  • 11.9. Response Compressing
  • 11.10. References
  • Chapter 12. Server Setup Strategies
  • 12.1. mod_perl Deployment Overview
  • 12.2. Standalone mod_perl-Enabled Apache Server
  • 12.3. One Plain and One mod_perl-Enabled Apache Server
  • 12.3.1. Choosing the Target Installation Directories Layout
  • 12.3.2. Configuration and Compilation of the Sources
  • 12.3.2.1. Building the httpd_docs server
  • 12.3.2.2. Building the httpd_perl server
  • 12.3.3. Configuration of the Servers
  • 12.3.3.1. Basic httpd_docs server configuration
  • 12.3.3.2. Basic httpd_perl server configuration
  • 12.4. One Light Non-Apache and One mod_perl-Enabled Apache Server
  • 12.5. Adding a Proxy Server in httpd Accelerator Mode
  • 12.6. The Squid Server and mod_perl
  • 12.6.1. Pros and Cons
  • 12.6.2. Light Apache, mod_perl, and Squid Setup Implementation Details
  • 12.6.3. mod_perl and Squid Setup Implementation Details
  • 12.7. Apache's mod_proxy Module
  • 12.7.1. Concepts and Configuration Directives
  • 12.7.1.1. ProxyPass
  • 12.7.1.2. ProxyPassReverse
  • 12.7.1.3. Security issues
  • 12.7.2. Knowing the Proxypassed Connection Type
  • 12.7.3. Buffering Feature
  • 12.7.4. Closing Lingering Connections with lingerd
  • 12.7.5. Caching Feature
  • 12.7.6. Build Process
  • 12.8. mod_rewrite Examples
  • 12.9. Getting the Remote Server IP in the Backend Server in the Proxy Setup
  • 12.10. Frontend/Backend Proxying with Virtual Hosts
  • 12.10.1. Virtual Host Flavors
  • 12.10.2. Dual-Server Virtual Host Configuration
  • 12.10.3. Virtual Hosts and Main Server Interaction
  • 12.10.4. Frontend Server Configuration
  • 12.10.5. Backend Server Configuration
  • 12.11. HTTP Authentication with Two Servers and a Proxy
  • 12.12. When One Machine Is Not Enough for Your RDBMS DataBase and mod_perl
  • 12.12.1. Server Requirements
  • 12.12.2. The Problem
  • 12.12.3. The Solution
  • 12.12.4. Three Machine Model
  • 12.13. Running More than One mod_perl Server on the Same Machine
  • 12.14. SSL Functionality and a mod_perl Server
  • 12.15. Uploading and Downloading Big Files
  • 12.16. References
  • Chapter 13. TMTOWTDI: Convenience and Habit Versus Performance
  • 13.1. Apache::Registry PerlHandler Versus Custom PerlHandler
  • 13.2. Apache::args Versus Apache::Request::param Versus CGI::param
  • 13.3. Buffered Printing and Better print( ) Techniques
  • 13.4. Interpolation, Concatenation, or List
  • 13.5. Keeping a Small Memory Footprint
  • 13.5.1. "Bloatware" Modules
  • 13.5.2. Importing Symbols
  • 13.6. Object Methods Calls Versus Function Calls
  • 13.6.1. The Overhead with Light Subroutines
  • 13.6.2. The Overhead with Heavy Subroutines
  • 13.6.3. Are All Methods Slower Than Functions?
  • 13.7. Using the Perl stat( ) Call's Cached Results
  • 13.8. time( ) System Call Versus $r->request_time
  • 13.9. Printing Unmodified Files
  • 13.10. Caching and Pre-Caching
  • 13.11. Caching with Memoize
  • 13.12. Comparing Runtime Performance of Perl and C
  • 13.12.1. Building Perl Extensions with XS and h2xs
  • 13.12.2. The Benchmark
  • 13.12.3. Inline.pm
  • 13.12.4. Perl Extensions Conclusion
  • 13.13. References
  • Chapter 14. Defensive Measures for Performance Enhancement
  • 14.1. Controlling Your Memory Usage
  • 14.1.1. Defining the Minimum Shared Memory Size Threshold
  • 14.1.1.1. Potential drawbacks of memory-sharing restrictions
  • 14.1.2. Defining the Maximum Memory Size Threshold
  • 14.1.3. Defining the Maximum Unshared Memory Size Threshold
  • 14.2. Coding for a Smaller Memory Footprint
  • 14.2.1. Memory Reuse
  • 14.2.2. Big Input, Big Damage
  • 14.2.3. Small Input, Big Damage
  • 14.2.4. Think Production, Not Development
  • 14.2.5. Passing Variables
  • 14.2.6. Memory Leakage
  • 14.3. Conclusion
  • 14.4. References
  • Chapter 15. Improving Performance Through Build Options
  • 15.1. Server Size as a Function of Compiled-in Features
  • 15.2. mod_status and ExtendedStatus On
  • 15.3. DYNAMIC_MODULE_LIMIT Apache Build Option
  • 15.4. Perl Build Options
  • 15.5. Architecture-Specific Compile Options
  • 15.6. References
  • Chapter 16. HTTP Headers for Optimal Performance
  • 16.1. Date-Related Headers
  • 16.1.1. Date Header
  • 16.1.2. Last-Modified Header
  • 16.1.3. Expires and Cache-Control Headers
  • 16.2. Content Headers
  • 16.2.1. Content-Type Header
  • 16.2.2. Content-Length Header
  • 16.2.3. Entity Tags
  • 16.3. Content Negotiation
  • 16.3.1. The Vary Header
  • 16.4. HTTP Requests
  • 16.4.1. GET Requests
  • 16.4.2. Conditional GET Requests
  • 16.4.3. HEAD Requests
  • 16.4.4. POST Requests
  • 16.5. Avoiding Dealing with Headers
  • 16.6. References
  • Chapter 17. Databases Overview
  • 17.1. Volatile Databases
  • 17.1.1. In-Memory Databases in a Single Process
  • 17.1.2. In-Memory Databases Across Multiple Processes
  • 17.2. Non-Volatile Databases
  • 17.2.1. Flat-File Databases
  • 17.2.2. Filesystem Databases
  • 17.2.3. DBM Databases
  • 17.2.4. Relational Databases
  • 17.3. References
  • Chapter 18. mod_perl Data-Sharing Techniques
  • 18.1. Sharing the Read-Only Data in and Between Processes
  • 18.2. Sharing Data Between Various Handlers
  • 18.3. References
  • Chapter 19. DBM and mod_perl
  • 19.1. mod_perl and DBM
  • 19.2. Resource Locking
  • 19.2.1. Deadlocks
  • 19.2.2. Exclusive Locking Starvation
  • 19.3. Flawed Locking Methods
  • 19.4. Locking Wrappers Overview
  • 19.5. Tie::DB_Lock
  • 19.6. Examples
  • 19.6.1. tie( )-ing Once and Forever
  • 19.6.2. Read/Write Access
  • 19.6.3. Storing Complex Data Structures
  • 19.7. References
  • Chapter 20. Relational Databases and mod_perl
  • 20.1. Persistent Database Connections with Apache::DBI
  • 20.1.1. Apache::DBI Connections
  • 20.1.2. When to Use Apache::DBI (and When Not to Use It)
  • 20.1.3. Configuring Apache::DBI
  • 20.1.4. Debugging Apache::DBI
  • 20.1.5. Caveats and Troubleshooting
  • 20.1.5.1. Database locking risks
  • 20.1.5.2. Transactions
  • 20.1.5.3. Opening connections with different parameters
  • 20.1.5.4. Cannot find the DBI handler
  • 20.1.5.5. The morning bug
  • 20.1.5.6. Apache:DBI does not work
  • 20.1.5.7. Skipping connection cache during server startup
  • 20.2. Improving Performance
  • 20.2.1. Preopening DBI Connections
  • 20.2.2. Improving Speed by Skipping ping( )
  • 20.2.3. Efficient Record-Retrieval Techniques
  • 20.2.4. mysql_use_result Versus mysql_store_result Attributes
  • 20.2.5. Running Two or More Relational Databases
  • 20.2.6. Caching prepare( ) Statements
  • 20.3. DBI Debug Techniques
  • 20.4. References
  • Chapter 21. Error Handling and Debugging
  • 21.1. Warnings and Errors Explained
  • 21.1.1. The Importance of Warnings
  • 21.1.1.1. The diagnostics pragma
  • 21.1.2. Curing "Internal Server Error" Problems
  • 21.1.3. Making Use of the error_log
  • 21.1.4. Displaying Errors to Users
  • 21.2. Debugging Code in Single-Server Mode
  • 21.3. Tracing System Calls
  • 21.4. Tracing mod_perl-Specific Perl Calls
  • 21.5. Debugging Perl Code
  • 21.5.1. Locating and Correcting Syntax Errors
  • 21.5.2. Using Apache::FakeRequest to Debug Apache Perl Modules
  • 21.5.3. Using print( ) for Debugging
  • 21.5.4. Using print( ) and Data::Dumper for Debugging
  • 21.5.5. The Importance of a Good, Concise Coding Style
  • 21.5.6. Introduction to the Perl Debugger
  • 21.5.7. Interactive Perl Debugging Under mod_cgi
  • 21.5.8. Noninteractive Perl Debugging Under mod_perl
  • 21.5.9. Interactive mod_perl Debugging
  • 21.5.9.1. ptkdb and interactive mod_perl debugging
  • 21.6. Analyzing Dumped core Files
  • 21.6.1. Getting Ready to Debug
  • 21.6.2. Creating a Faulty Package
  • 21.6.3. Dumping the core File
  • 21.6.4. Analyzing the core File
  • 21.6.5. Extracting the Backtrace Automatically
  • 21.7. Hanging Processes: Detection and Diagnostics
  • 21.7.1. Hanging Because of an Operating System Problem
  • 21.7.2. When a Process Might Hang
  • 21.7.3. Detecting Hanging Processes
  • 21.7.4. Determination of the Reason
  • 21.7.4.1. Using the Perl trace
  • 21.7.4.2. Using the system calls trace
  • 21.7.4.3. Using the interactive debugger
  • 21.7.5. mod_perl gdb Debug Macros
  • 21.8. Useful Debug Modules
  • 21.8.1. B::Deparse
  • 21.8.2. -D Runtime Option
  • 21.8.3. Devel::Peek and Apache::Peek
  • 21.8.4. Devel::Symdump and Apache::Symdump
  • 21.8.5. Apache::Debug
  • 21.8.6. Other Debug Modules
  • 21.9. Looking Inside the Server
  • 21.9.1. Apache::Status—Embedded Interpreter Status Information
  • 21.9.1.1. Minimal configuration
  • 21.9.1.2. Extended configuration
  • 21.9.1.3. Usage
  • 21.9.2. mod_status
  • 21.10. References
  • Chapter 22. Troubleshooting mod_perl
  • 22.1. Configuration and Startup
  • 22.1.1. libexec/libperl.so: open failed: No such file or directory
  • 22.1.2. install_driver(Oracle) failed: Can't load `.../DBD/Oracle/Oracle.so' for module DBD::Oracle
  • 22.1.3. Invalid command `PerlHandler'...
  • 22.1.4. RegistryLoader: Translation of uri [...] to filename failed
  • 22.2. Code Parsing and Compilation
  • 22.2.1. Value of $x will not stay shared at - line 5
  • 22.2.2. Value of $x may be unavailable at - line 5
  • 22.2.3. Can't locate loadable object for module ...
  • 22.2.4. Can't locate object method "get_handlers" ...
  • 22.2.5. Missing right bracket at line ...
  • 22.2.6. Can't load `.../auto/DBI/DBI.so' for module DBI
  • 22.3. Runtime
  • 22.3.1. foo ... at /dev/null line 0
  • 22.3.2. Segfaults When Using XML::Parser
  • 22.3.3. exit signal Segmentation fault (11)
  • 22.3.4. CGI Code Is Returned as Plain Text Instead of Being Executed
  • 22.3.5. rwrite returned -1
  • 22.3.6. Global symbol "$foo" requires explicit package name
  • 22.3.7. Use of uninitialized value at (eval 80) line 12
  • 22.3.8. Undefined subroutine &Apache::ROOT::perl::test_2epl::some_function called at
  • 22.3.9. Callback called exit
  • 22.3.10. Out of memory!
  • 22.3.11. syntax error at /dev/null line 1, near "line arguments:"
  • 22.4. Shutdown and Restart
  • 22.4.1. Evil Things Might Happen When Using PerlFreshRestart
  • 22.4.2. [warn] child process 30388 did not exit, sending another SIGHUP
  • 22.4.3. Processes Get Stuck on Graceful Restart
  • Chapter 23. Getting Help and Online Resources
  • 23.1. How to Report Problems
  • 23.1.1. Getting the Backtrace from Core Dumps
  • 23.1.2. Spinning Processes
  • 23.2. Mailing List Etiquette
  • 23.3. Resources
  • 23.3.1. mod_perl
  • 23.3.2. mod_perl Mailing Lists
  • 23.3.3. Perl
  • 23.3.4. Perl/CGI
  • 23.3.5. Apache
  • 23.3.6. DBI and SQL
  • 23.3.7. Squid
  • 23.3.8. CVS
  • 23.3.9. Performance and Scalability
  • 23.3.10. Web Security
  • Chapter 24. mod_perl 2.0: Installation and Configuration
  • 24.1. What's New in Apache 2.0
  • 24.2. What's New in Perl 5.6.0-5.8.0
  • 24.3. What's New in mod_perl 2.0
  • 24.3.1. Thread Support
  • 24.3.2. Perl Interface to the APR and Apache APIs
  • 24.3.3. Other New Features
  • 24.3.4. Improved and More Flexible Configuration
  • 24.3.5. Optimizations
  • 24.4. Installing mod_perl 2.0
  • 24.4.1. Installing from Source
  • 24.4.2. Installing Binaries
  • 24.5. Configuring mod_perl 2.0
  • 24.5.1. Enabling mod_perl
  • 24.5.2. Accessing the mod_perl 2.0 Modules
  • 24.5.3. Startup File
  • 24.5.4. Perl's Command-Line Switches
  • 24.5.5. mod_perl 2.0 Core Handlers
  • 24.5.5.1. modperl
  • 24.5.5.2. perl-script
  • 24.5.5.3. A simple response handler example
  • 24.5.6. PerlOptions Directive
  • 24.5.6.1. Enable
  • 24.5.6.2. Clone
  • 24.5.6.3. Parent
  • 24.5.6.4. PerlHandler
  • 24.5.6.5. AutoLoad
  • 24.5.6.6. GlobalRequest
  • 24.5.6.7. ParseHeaders
  • 24.5.6.8. MergeHandlers
  • 24.5.6.9. SetupEnv
  • 24.5.7. Thread-Mode-Specific Directives
  • 24.5.7.1. PerlInterpStart
  • 24.5.7.2. PerlInterpMax
  • 24.5.7.3. PerlInterpMinSpare
  • 24.5.7.4. PerlInterpMaxSpare
  • 24.5.7.5. PerlInterpMaxRequests
  • 24.5.7.6. PerlInterpScope
  • 24.5.8. Retrieving Server Startup Options
  • 24.6. Resources
  • Chapter 25. Programming for mod_perl 2.0
  • 25.1. Migrating to and Programming with mod_perl 2.0
  • 25.1.1. The Shortest Migration Path
  • 25.1.2. Migrating Configuration Files
  • 25.1.2.1. PerlHandler
  • 25.1.2.2. PerlSendHeader
  • 25.1.2.3. PerlSetupEnv
  • 25.1.2.4. PerlTaintCheck
  • 25.1.2.5. PerlWarn
  • 25.1.2.6. PerlFreshRestart
  • 25.1.3. Code Porting
  • 25.1.4. ModPerl::Registry Family
  • 25.1.5. Method Handlers
  • 25.1.6. Apache::StatINC Replacement
  • 25.2. New Apache Phases and Corresponding PerlHandlers
  • 25.2.1. Server Configuration and Startup Phases
  • 25.2.1.1. PerlOpenLogsHandler
  • 25.2.1.2. PerlPostConfigHandler
  • 25.2.1.3. PerlChildInitHandler
  • 25.2.1.4. PerlChildExitHandler
  • 25.2.2. Connection Phases
  • 25.2.2.1. PerlPreConnectionHandler
  • 25.2.2.2. PerlProcessConnectionHandler
  • 25.2.2.2.1. Socket-based protocol module
  • 25.2.2.2.2. Bucket brigade-based protocol module
  • 25.2.3. HTTP Request Phases
  • 25.3. I/O Filtering
  • 25.3.1. I/O Filtering Concepts
  • 25.3.1.1. Two methods for manipulating data
  • 25.3.1.2. HTTP request versus connection filters
  • 25.3.1.3. Multiple invocations of filter handlers
  • 25.3.1.4. Blocking calls
  • 25.3.2. Filter Configuration
  • 25.3.3. Input Filters
  • 25.3.3.1. Bucket brigade-based connection input filter
  • 25.3.3.2. Bucket brigade-based HTTP request input filter
  • 25.3.3.3. Stream-based HTTP request input filter
  • 25.3.4. Output Filters
  • 25.3.4.1. Stream-based HTTP request output filter
  • 25.3.4.2. Another stream-based HTTP request output filter
  • 25.3.4.3. Bucket brigade-based HTTP request output filter
  • Appendix A. mod_perl Recipes
  • A.1. Emulating the Authentication Mechanism
  • A.2. Reusing Data from POST Requests
  • A.3. Redirecting POST Requests
  • A.4. Redirecting While Maintaining Environment Variables
  • A.5. Handling Cookies
  • A.6. Sending Multiple Cookies with the mod_perl API
  • A.7. Sending Cookies in REDIRECT Responses
  • A.8. CGI::params in the mod_perlish Way
  • A.9. Sending Email from mod_perl
  • A.10. mod_rewrite in Perl
  • A.11. Setting PerlHandler Based on MIME Type
  • A.12. Singleton Database Handles
  • A.13. Terminating a Child Process on Request Completion
  • A.14. References
  • Appendix B. Apache Perl Modules
  • B.1. Development-Stage Modules
  • B.1.1. Apache::Reload—Automatically Reload Changed Modules
  • B.1.2. Apache::PerlVINC—Allow Module Versioning in <Location> and <VirtualHost> blocks
  • B.1.3. Apache::DProf—Hook Devel::DProf into mod_perl
  • B.1.4. Apache::SmallProf—Hook Devel::SmallProf into mod_perl
  • B.1.5. Apache::FakeRequest—Fake Request Object for Debugging
  • B.1.6. Apache::test—Facilitate Testing of Apache:: Modules
  • B.2. Modules to Aid Debugging
  • B.2.1. Apache::DB—Hooks for the Interactive Perl Debugger
  • B.2.2. Apache::Debug—Utilities for Debugging Embedded Perl Code
  • B.2.3. Apache::DebugInfo—Send Debug Information to Client
  • B.2.4. Apache::Leak—Module for Tracking Memory Leaks in mod_perl Code
  • B.2.5. Apache::Peek—A Data Debugging Tool for the XS Programmer
  • B.2.6. Apache::Symbol—Avoid the Mandatory `Subroutine Redefined' Warning
  • B.2.7. Apache::Symdump—Symbol Table Snapshots
  • B.3.1. Apache::Watchdog::RunAway—Hanging Processes Monitor and Terminator
  • B.3.2. Apache::VMonitor—Visual System and Apache Server Monitor
  • B.3.3. Apache::SizeLimit—Limit Apache httpd Processes
  • B.3.4. Apache::GTopLimit—Limit Apache httpd Processes
  • B.3.5. Apache::TimedRedirect—Redirect URLs for a Given Time Period
  • B.3.6. Apache::Resource—Limit Resources Used by httpd Children
  • B.3.7. Apache::Status—Embedded Interpreter Status Information
  • B.4.1. Apache::ModuleConfig—Interface to Configuration API
  • B.4.2. Apache::PerlSections—Utilities for Working with <Perl> Sections
  • B.4.3. Apache::httpd_conf—Generate an httpd.conf File
  • B.4.4. Apache::src—Methods for Locating and Parsing Bits of Apache Source Code
  • B.4.5. Apache::ConfigFile—Parse an Apache-Style httpd.conf Configuration File
  • B.5. Authentication-Phase Modules
  • B.6. Authorization-Phase Modules
  • B.7. Access-Phase Modules
  • B.7.1. Stonehenge::Throttle—Limit Bandwith Consumption by IP Address
  • B.8.1. Apache::MimeXML—mod_perl Mime Encoding Sniffer for XML Files
  • B.8.2. Apache::MIMEMapper—Associates File Extensions with PerlHandlers
  • B.9.1. Apache::AddHostPath—Adds Some or All of the Hostname and Port to the URI
  • B.9.2. Apache::ProxyPass—implement ProxyPass in Perl
  • B.9.3. Apache::ProxyPassThru—Skeleton for Vanilla Proxy
  • B.9.4. Apache::Throttle—Speed-Based Content Negotiation
  • B.9.5. Apache::TransLDAP—Trans Handler Example
  • B.10.1. Apache::RefererBlock—Block Request Based Upon "Referer" Header
  • B.10.2. Apache::Usertrack—Emulate the mod_usertrack Apache Module
  • B.11. Generic Content-Generation Modules
  • B.11.1. Apache::Registry and Apache::PerlRun
  • B.11.2. Apache::RegistryNG—Apache::Registry New Generation
  • B.11.3. Apache::RegistryBB—Apache::Registry Bare Bones
  • B.11.4. Apache::Request (libapreq)—Generic Apache Request Library
  • B.11.5. Apache::Dispatch—Call PerlHandlers with the Ease of Registry Scripts
  • B.12.1. Apache::AutoIndex—Perl Replacement for the mod_autoindex and mod_dir Apache Modules
  • B.12.2. Apache::WAP::AutoIndex—WAP Demonstration Module
  • B.12.3. Apache::WAP::MailPeek—Demonstrate Use of WML Delivery
  • B.12.4. Apache::Archive—Expose Archive Files Through the Apache Web Server
  • B.12.5. Apache::Gateway—Implement a Gateway
  • B.12.6. Apache::NNTPGateway—NNTP Interface for a mod_perl-Enabled Apache Web Server.
  • B.12.7. Apache::PrettyPerl—Syntax Highlighting for Perl Files
  • B.12.8. Apache::PrettyText—Reformat .txt Files for Client Display
  • B.12.9. Apache::RandomLocation—Random File Display
  • B.12.10. Apache::Stage—Manage a Staging Directory
  • B.12.11. Apache::Roaming—A mod_perl Handler for Roaming Profiles
  • B.12.12. Apache::Backhand—Write mod_backhand Functions in Perl
  • B.13.1. Apache::DBI—Initiate a Persistent Database Connection
  • B.13.2. Apache::OWA—Oracle's PL/SQL Web Toolkit for Apache
  • B.13.3. Apache::Sybase::CTlib—Persistent CTlib Connection Management for Apache
  • B.14.1. Apache::ASP—Active Server Pages for Apache with mod_perl
  • B.14.2. Apache::AxKit—XML Toolkit for mod_perl
  • B.14.3. HTML::Embperl—Embed Perl into HTML
  • B.14.4. Apache::EmbperlChain—Process Embedded Perl in HTML in the OutputChain
  • B.14.5. Apache::ePerl—Embedded Perl 5 Language
  • B.14.6. Apache::iNcom—E-Commerce Framework
  • B.14.7. Apache::Mason—Perl-Based Web Site Development and Delivery System
  • B.14.8. Apache::PageKit—Web Applications Framework
  • B.14.9. Template Toolkit—Template Processing System
  • B.15.1. Apache::OutputChain—Chain Stacked Perl Handlers
  • B.15.2. Apache::Clean—mod_perl Interface Into HTML::Clean
  • B.15.3. Apache::Filter—Alter the Output of Previous Handlers
  • B.15.4. Apache::GzipChain—Compress HTML (or Anything) in the OutputChain
  • B.15.5. Apache::PassFile—Send File via OutputChain
  • B.15.6. Apache::Gzip—Auto-Compress Web Files with gzip
  • B.15.7. Apache::Compress—Auto-Compress Web Files with gzip
  • B.15.8. Apache::Layer—Layer Content Tree Over One or More Others
  • B.15.9. Apache::Sandwich—Layered Document (Sandwich) Maker
  • B.15.10. Apache::SimpleReplace—Simple Template Framework
  • B.15.11. Apache::SSI—Implement Server-Side Includes in Perl
  • B.16.1. Apache::RedirectLogFix—Correct Status While Logging
  • B.16.2. Apache::DBILogConfig—Logs Access Information in a DBI Database
  • B.16.3. Apache::DBILogger—Tracks What's Being Transferred in a DBI Database
  • B.16.4. Apache::DumpHeaders—Watch HTTP Transaction via Headers
  • B.16.5. Apache::Traffic—Track Hits and Bytes Transferred on a Per-User Basis
  • B.17.1. Apache::Module—Interface to Apache C Module Structures
  • B.17.2. Apache::ShowRequest—Show Phases and Module Participation
  • B.17.3. Apache::SubProcess—Interface to Apache Subprocess API
  • B.17.4. Apache::Connection—Interface to the Apache conn_rec Data Structure
  • B.17.5. Apache::Constants—Constants Defined in httpd.h
  • B.17.6. Apache::ExtUtils—Utilities for Apache C/Perl Glue
  • B.17.7. Apache::File—Advanced Functions for Manipulating Files on the Server Side
  • B.17.8. Apache::Log—Interface to Apache Logging
  • B.17.9. Apache::LogFile—Interface to Apache's Logging Routines
  • B.17.10. Apache::Scoreboard—Perl Interface to Apache's scoreboard.h
  • B.17.11. Apache::Server—Perl Interface to the Apache server_rec Struct
  • B.17.12. Apache::Table—Perl Interface to the Apache Table Struct
  • B.17.13. Apache::URI—URI Component Parsing and Unparsing
  • B.17.14. Apache::Util—Perl Interface to Apache C Utility Functions
  • B.18.1. Apache::Session—Maintain Session State Across HTTP Requests
  • B.18.2. Apache::RequestNotes—Easy, Consistent Access to Cookie and Form Data Across Each Request Phase
  • B.18.3. Apache::Cookie—HTTP Cookies Class
  • B.18.4. Apache::Icon—Look Up Icon Images
  • B.18.5. Apache::Include—Utilities for mod_perl/mod_include Integration
  • B.18.6. Apache::Language—Perl Transparent Language Support for Apache Modules and mod_perl Scripts
  • B.18.7. Apache::Mmap—Perl Interface to the mmap(2) System Call
  • B.18.8. Apache::GD::Graph—Generate Graphs in an Apache Handler
  • B.18.9. Apache::Motd—Provide motd (Message of the Day) Functionality to a Web Server
  • B.18.10. Apache::ParseLog—Object-Oriented Perl Extension for Parsing Apache Log Files
  • B.18.11. Apache::RegistryLoader—Compile Apache::Registry Scripts at Server Startup
  • B.18.12. Apache::SIG—Override Apache Signal Handlers with Perl's Signal Handlers
  • B.18.13. Apache::TempFile—Allocate Temporary Filenames for the Duration of a Request
  • B.18.14. Xmms—Perl Interface to the xmms Media Player
  • B.18.15. Module::Use—Log and Load Used Perl Modules
  • Appendix C. ISPs Providing mod_perl Services
  • C.1. Users Sharing a Single Web Server
  • C.2. Users Sharing a Single Machine
  • C.3. Giving Each User a Separate Machine (Colocation)
  • C.4. Giving Each User a Virtual Machine
  • Appendix D. The Template Toolkit
  • D.1. Fetching and Installing the Template Toolkit
  • D.2. Overview
  • D.3. Typical Uses
  • D.4. Template Toolkit Language
  • D.4.1. Simple Template Example
  • D.5. Processing Templates
  • D.6. Apache/mod_perl Handler
  • D.7. Apache::Template Module
  • D.8. Hangman Application
  • D.8.1. Hangman CGI Script
  • D.8.2. Hangman with Modular Templates
  • D.8.3. Hangman Plug-in
  • D.8.4. Self-Contained Hangman Template
  • D.9. References
  • Appendix E. The AxKit XML Application Server
  • E.1. Installing and Configuring AxKit
  • E.2. Your First AxKit Page
  • E.2.1. If Something Goes Wrong
  • E.2.2. How it Works?
  • E.2.3. XPath
  • E.3. Dynamic Content
  • E.3.1. Handling Form Parameters
  • E.3.2. Handling Cookies
  • E.3.3. Sending Email
  • E.3.4. Handling Exceptions
  • E.3.5. Utilities Taglib
  • E.3.6. Executing SQL
  • E.4. More XPathScript Details
  • E.4.1. The XPathScript API
  • E.4.1.1. Extracting values
  • E.4.1.2. Declarative templates
  • E.5. XSLT
  • E.5.1. Anatomy of an XSLT Stylesheet
  • E.5.2. Template Rules and Recursion
  • E.5.3. Learning More
  • E.6. Putting Everything Together
  • E.7. More Reasons to Use AxKit
  • Appendix F. HTTP Status Codes
  • F.1. HTTP/1.0 Status Codes
  • F.2. HTTP/1.1 Status Codes
  • F.3. References
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